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See `levies` for the general figure."},"lito":{"type":"number","description":"Kept for compatibility: AU Low Income Tax Offset only, 0 for every other country. See `offsets` for the general figure."},"offsets":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"object","properties":{"name":{"type":"string"},"amount":{"type":"number"}},"required":["name","amount"]},"description":"Credits that reduced the tax, by name — empty array when none apply"},"levies":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"object","properties":{"name":{"type":"string"},"amount":{"type":"number"}},"required":["name","amount"]},"description":"Charges on top of the offset tax, by name (social contributions, regional tax) — empty array when none apply"},"totalTax":{"type":"number","description":"Total tax after levies and offsets"},"takeHome":{"type":"number","description":"Gross minus total tax"},"marginalRate":{"type":"number","description":"Marginal rate on the next unit of income, as a fraction"},"averageRate":{"type":"number","description":"Total tax over gross, as a fraction"},"municipality":{"type":"string","description":"Finland: the municipality whose rates were used, or \"national average\""},"municipalRate":{"type":"number","description":"Finland: municipal income-tax rate applied, as a fraction"},"churchRate":{"type":"number","description":"Finland: church-tax rate applied, as a fraction (0 for a non-member)"},"taxCardRate":{"type":"number","description":"Finland: the withholding percentage (veroprosentti) Vero would put on the tax card — rounded up to the next half point. Employee pension and unemployment contributions are withheld on top of it"},"taxCardWithheld":{"type":"number","description":"Finland: the tax the tax card covers for the year, to the cent (state, municipal, church, health insurance and YLE tax, less the credit)"},"separatelyWithheld":{"type":"number","description":"Finland: employee pension and unemployment contributions for the year, to the cent — withheld by the employer on top of the tax card"},"assumptions":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"description":"Assumptions the figures depend on — relay them with the numbers"},"source":{"type":"string","description":"The national tax authority the figures were verified against (e.g. 'ATO — ato.gov.au')"},"dataVerifiedOn":{"type":"string","description":"ISO date the rate data was last confirmed against the authority"},"mayBeStale":{"type":"boolean","description":"True once the verification date is over a year old — re-confirm with the authority"},"disclaimer":{"type":"string","description":"General-information note that must accompany any figure shown to a person"},"sourceUrl":{"type":"string","description":"https link to the authority page the rate was verified against. Present only on rate answers backed by a verified ledger row — absent (never empty) otherwise, so its presence is itself the claim"}},"required":["country","currency","taxYear","gross","taxable","incomeTax","medicareLevy","lito","offsets","levies","totalTax","takeHome","source","dataVerifiedOn","mayBeStale","disclaimer"],"additionalProperties":false}},{"name":"company_tax_estimate","title":"Company tax estimate (139 countries)","description":"Estimate company/corporate income tax on an annual profit at the headline rate for 139 countries (28 verified against the national authority; the rest are indicative OECD headline rates, and the answer says \"not verified — confirm with\" the authority). Use it for company profit questions; individuals belong to income_tax_estimate. smallBusiness applies the small-company rate only where it covers all of the company's income (AU, IN); where the reduced rate is a profit band (UK small profits, the Canadian small-business deduction and similar) it is noted, not applied. Headline-rate arithmetic only: state and provincial tax, surcharges and marginal relief are named in the note, not computed. Each answer cites the company-tax source and date — not the GST/VAT one. A negative profit returns an explanation (losses carry forward), never a negative tax; a country not covered says so.","annotations":{"readOnlyHint":true,"destructiveHint":false,"idempotentHint":true,"openWorldHint":false},"inputSchema":{"type":"object","properties":{"country":{"type":"string","enum":["AD","AE","AG","AL","AM","AO","AR","AT","AU","AZ","BA","BB","BE","BF","BG","BH","BJ","BN","BR","BS","BT","BW","BZ","CA","CD","CG","CH","CI","CL","CM","CN","CO","CR","CV","CY","CZ","DE","DJ","DK","DM","DO","EC","EE","EG","ES","FI","FJ","FR","GA","GB","GD","GE","GH","GR","GT","HK","HN","HR","HT","HU","ID","IE","IL","IN","IS","IT","JM","JO","JP","KE","KN","KR","KW","KZ","LC","LI","LK","LR","LT","LU","LV","MA","MC","MD","ME","MK","MN","MO","MR","MT","MU","MV","MX","MY","NA","NG","NL","NO","NZ","OM","PA","PE","PG","PH","PK","PL","PT","PY","QA","RO","RS","RU","SA","SC","SE","SG","SI","SK","SL","SM","SN","SZ","TG","TH","TN","TR","TT","TW","UA","UG","US","UY","UZ","VC","VN","WS","ZA","ZM","ZW"],"description":"2-letter ISO code of a covered country (upper case)"},"profit":{"type":"number","description":"Annual taxable profit in local currency; a negative value (a loss) returns an explanatory message instead of tax"},"smallBusiness":{"type":"boolean","default":false,"description":"Apply the small-company rate — honoured only where it covers all income (AU, IN); elsewhere the reduced rate is noted instead"}},"required":["country","profit"],"additionalProperties":false},"outputSchema":{"type":"object","properties":{"country":{"type":"string","description":"Country estimated (2-letter ISO code)"},"taxLabel":{"type":"string","description":"The country's name for the tax, e.g. 'Corporation Tax'"},"rateApplied":{"type":"number","description":"Rate actually applied, as a fraction"},"standardRate":{"type":"number","description":"The standard (headline) rate, as a fraction"},"smallCompanyRate":{"type":"number","description":"The small-company rate on file, when there is one"},"usedSmallRate":{"type":"boolean","description":"Whether the small-company rate was applied"},"tax":{"type":"number","description":"Company tax on the profit (local currency, rounded)"},"afterTax":{"type":"number","description":"Profit after tax"},"note":{"type":"string","description":"What the headline calculation excludes (state/provincial tax, surcharge/cess, marginal relief …)"},"effectiveFrom":{"type":"string","description":"ISO date the rate set in use took effect"},"source":{"type":"string","description":"The national tax authority the figures were verified against (e.g. 'ATO — ato.gov.au')"},"dataVerifiedOn":{"type":"string","description":"ISO date the rate data was last confirmed against the authority"},"mayBeStale":{"type":"boolean","description":"True once the verification date is over a year old — re-confirm with the authority"},"disclaimer":{"type":"string","description":"General-information note that must accompany any figure shown to a person"},"sourceUrl":{"type":"string","description":"https link to the authority page the rate was verified against. Present only on rate answers backed by a verified ledger row — absent (never empty) otherwise, so its presence is itself the claim"}},"required":["country","taxLabel","rateApplied","tax","afterTax","note","source","dataVerifiedOn","mayBeStale","disclaimer"],"additionalProperties":false}},{"name":"cgt_estimate","title":"Capital gains tax estimate (71 countries)","description":"Estimate capital gains tax on one sale of shares or property by a resident individual, for 71 countries (AE, AR, AT, AU, BE, BG, BR, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, EG, ES, FI, FR, GB, GH, GR, GT, HK, HR, HU, ID, IE, IL, IN, IS, IT, JM, JP, KE, KR, LI, LK, LT, LU, LV, MT, MU, MX, MY, NG, NL, NO, NZ, PH, PK, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, SA, SE, SG, SI, SK, TR, TW, TZ, UA, UG, US, ZA). Where the country's rule can be computed the answer is a figure; where it depends on facts the engine cannot model, the answer is the rule itself (rate, holding period, annual exemption, main residence) with the reason — never a borrowed number. Any other country returns 'not covered'. Pass income (other taxable income for the year) where the gain is taxed at marginal rates, and heldMoreThan12Months or holdingMonths where the holding period matters (the Australian 50% discount, the US long-term rate). capitalLosses apply before any discount. Finland (FI) adds its own detail: the better of the actual cost or the deemed acquisition cost (hankintameno-olettama: 20% of the price, 40% after 10 years), the 1 000 € small-disposals rule and 30%/34% capital income tax — pass yearsHeld, and otherCapitalIncome if there is any; costBase may be omitted there. Each answer cites the capital-gains source and date for that country — not the GST/VAT one. For pay without an asset sale use income_tax_estimate. Non-resident rules are out of scope.","annotations":{"readOnlyHint":true,"destructiveHint":false,"idempotentHint":true,"openWorldHint":false},"inputSchema":{"type":"object","properties":{"country":{"type":"string","enum":["AE","AR","AT","AU","BE","BG","BR","CA","CH","CL","CN","CO","CY","CZ","DE","DK","EE","EG","ES","FI","FR","GB","GH","GR","GT","HK","HR","HU","ID","IE","IL","IN","IS","IT","JM","JP","KE","KR","LI","LK","LT","LU","LV","MT","MU","MX","MY","NG","NL","NO","NZ","PH","PK","PL","PT","QA","RO","RS","RU","SA","SE","SG","SI","SK","TR","TW","TZ","UA","UG","US","ZA"],"default":"AU","description":"2-letter ISO code of a covered country (upper case); defaults to AU"},"asset":{"type":"string","enum":["shares","property"],"default":"shares","description":"What was sold: 'shares' (shares and funds) or 'property' (real estate). 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Present only on rate answers backed by a verified ledger row — absent (never empty) otherwise, so its presence is itself the claim"}},"required":["country","status","taxYear","grossGain","lossOffset","discountApplied","taxableGain","cgtPayable","source","dataVerifiedOn","mayBeStale","disclaimer"],"additionalProperties":false}},{"name":"student_loan_repayment","title":"Australian HELP/HECS study-loan repayment","description":"Estimate the compulsory annual study or training loan repayment (HELP, HECS, VSL, SFSS, SSL, AASL) for an Australian resident from their repayment income, using the marginal system introduced in 2025-26 with effective-dated thresholds that roll over each financial year. Use it for \"how much HELP/HECS will I repay\" questions in AU; it does not cover the loan balance, indexation or voluntary repayments, and applies to Australia only. Repayment income is broader than taxable income — it adds back reportable super contributions, reportable fringe benefits, net investment loss and exempt foreign income; pass that combined figure.","annotations":{"readOnlyHint":true,"destructiveHint":false,"idempotentHint":true,"openWorldHint":false},"inputSchema":{"type":"object","properties":{"repaymentIncome":{"type":"number","minimum":0,"description":"ATO repayment income in AUD (taxable income + reportable super + reportable fringe benefits + net investment loss + exempt foreign income)"},"taxYear":{"type":"string","pattern":"^\\d{4}-\\d{2}$","description":"Financial-year label like '2025-26'; omit to use the current Australian financial year","examples":["2025-26","2026-27"]}},"required":["repaymentIncome"],"additionalProperties":false},"outputSchema":{"type":"object","properties":{"country":{"type":"string","enum":["AU"],"description":"Always AU — this tool is Australia-only"},"taxYear":{"type":"string","description":"Financial year whose thresholds were used"},"repaymentIncome":{"type":"number","description":"Repayment income used (AUD)"},"minThreshold":{"type":"number","description":"Income at or below which the repayment is nil (AUD)"},"repayment":{"type":"number","description":"Compulsory repayment for the year (AUD)"},"effectiveRate":{"type":"number","description":"repayment ÷ repayment income, as a fraction"},"source":{"type":"string","description":"The national tax authority the figures were verified against (e.g. 'ATO — ato.gov.au')"},"dataVerifiedOn":{"type":"string","description":"ISO date the rate data was last confirmed against the authority"},"mayBeStale":{"type":"boolean","description":"True once the verification date is over a year old — re-confirm with the authority"},"disclaimer":{"type":"string","description":"General-information note that must accompany any figure shown to a person"},"sourceUrl":{"type":"string","description":"https link to the authority page the rate was verified against. 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Salary sacrifice reduces salary; a personal deductible contribution is a deduction against total assessable income. Both add to the concessional total. The Division 293 threshold is tested against taxable income plus LOW-TAX contributions — that is, concessional contributions excluding any excess over the cap, since the excess is already counted inside taxable income. ordinaryEarnings therefore counts toward the threshold; pass otherTaxableIncome only for income beyond salary, such as investment or business income.","annotations":{"readOnlyHint":true,"destructiveHint":false,"idempotentHint":true,"openWorldHint":false},"inputSchema":{"type":"object","properties":{"ordinaryEarnings":{"type":"number","minimum":0,"description":"Ordinary time earnings the Superannuation Guarantee applies to, in AUD (usually salary/wages)"},"salarySacrifice":{"type":"number","minimum":0,"default":0,"description":"Voluntary before-tax (concessional) contributions in AUD"},"personalDeductible":{"type":"number","minimum":0,"default":0,"description":"Personal contributions claimed as a tax deduction in AUD (also concessional)"},"otherTaxableIncome":{"type":"number","minimum":0,"default":0,"description":"Other taxable income in AUD — only used to test the Division 293 high-earner threshold"},"taxYear":{"type":"string","pattern":"^\\d{4}-\\d{2}$","description":"Financial-year label like '2025-26'; omit to use the current Australian financial year","examples":["2025-26","2026-27"]}},"required":["ordinaryEarnings"],"additionalProperties":false},"outputSchema":{"type":"object","properties":{"country":{"type":"string","enum":["AU"],"description":"Always AU — this tool is Australia-only"},"taxYear":{"type":"string","description":"Financial year whose parameters were used"},"sgRate":{"type":"number","description":"Superannuation Guarantee rate applied, as a fraction"},"guaranteeableEarnings":{"type":"number","description":"Earnings the SG applied to after the maximum contribution base cap (AUD)"},"guaranteeAmount":{"type":"number","description":"Compulsory employer SG contribution for the year (AUD)"},"concessionalContributions":{"type":"number","description":"SG + salary sacrifice + personal deductible, all concessional (AUD)"},"concessionalCap":{"type":"number","description":"Concessional contributions cap for the year (AUD)"},"excessConcessional":{"type":"number","description":"Concessional contributions above the cap (AUD)"},"contributionsTax":{"type":"number","description":"15% contributions tax on concessional contributions within the cap (AUD)"},"div293Applies":{"type":"boolean","description":"Whether the Division 293 high-earner surcharge applies"},"div293Tax":{"type":"number","description":"Division 293 surcharge (extra 15%), 0 when it does not apply (AUD)"},"assumption":{"type":"string","description":"A stated assumption that materially affects the figures, when one applies (e.g. no carried-forward concessional cap)"},"source":{"type":"string","description":"The national tax authority the figures were verified against (e.g. 'ATO — ato.gov.au')"},"dataVerifiedOn":{"type":"string","description":"ISO date the rate data was last confirmed against the authority"},"mayBeStale":{"type":"boolean","description":"True once the verification date is over a year old — re-confirm with the authority"},"disclaimer":{"type":"string","description":"General-information note that must accompany any figure shown to a person"},"sourceUrl":{"type":"string","description":"https link to the authority page the rate was verified against. Present only on rate answers backed by a verified ledger row — absent (never empty) otherwise, so its presence is itself the claim"}},"required":["country","taxYear","sgRate","guaranteeableEarnings","guaranteeAmount","concessionalContributions","concessionalCap","excessConcessional","contributionsTax","div293Applies","div293Tax","source","dataVerifiedOn","mayBeStale","disclaimer"],"additionalProperties":false}},{"name":"tax_facts","title":"Sourced tax facts and origin stories","description":"Sourced facts about a country's tax system: when and why its GST/VAT was introduced, what it replaced, and memorable, true stories (court cases, elections, odd rulings) — each fact linked to its own source. Omit country for a primer on what a consumption tax is plus famous tax stories from history. Use it for background, explainers, teaching or a conversation opener; for any rate or amount use tax_rate_lookup, compute_gst_vat or the estimate tools, because facts are dated stories, not live figures. Countries without curated facts return the list of countries that have them rather than an invented one.","annotations":{"readOnlyHint":true,"destructiveHint":false,"idempotentHint":true,"openWorldHint":false},"inputSchema":{"type":"object","properties":{"country":{"type":"string","pattern":"^[A-Za-z]{2}$","minLength":2,"maxLength":2,"description":"2-letter ISO code, e.g. AU, GB, JP. 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Pass region for a state, province or nation where the scheme has one (CA: 13 regions, e.g. AB, BC, MB; ES: 3 regions, e.g. AN, CT, MD; GB: SCT (Scotland); US: 51 regions, e.g. AK, AL, AR); without it the answer is national only and says so in its assumptions. For Finland pass `municipality` (Finnish or Swedish name, e.g. 'Tampere' or 'Helsingfors') for that municipality's own rate — otherwise the national average is used and the answer says so — plus `church` for a parish member and `age` where it changes the contributions; Finland also returns the tax-card rate (veroprosentti). This is a resident-individual estimate, not a filing calculation: relay the assumptions it returns. Each answer cites the income-tax source and date for that country — not the GST/VAT one. 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See `levies` for the general figure."},"lito":{"type":"number","description":"Kept for compatibility: AU Low Income Tax Offset only, 0 for every other country. See `offsets` for the general figure."},"offsets":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"object","properties":{"name":{"type":"string"},"amount":{"type":"number"}},"required":["name","amount"]},"description":"Credits that reduced the tax, by name — empty array when none apply"},"levies":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"object","properties":{"name":{"type":"string"},"amount":{"type":"number"}},"required":["name","amount"]},"description":"Charges on top of the offset tax, by name (social contributions, regional tax) — empty array when none apply"},"totalTax":{"type":"number","description":"Total tax after levies and offsets"},"takeHome":{"type":"number","description":"Gross minus total tax"},"marginalRate":{"type":"number","description":"Marginal rate on the next unit of income, as a fraction"},"averageRate":{"type":"number","description":"Total tax over gross, as a fraction"},"municipality":{"type":"string","description":"Finland: the municipality whose rates were used, or \"national average\""},"municipalRate":{"type":"number","description":"Finland: municipal income-tax rate applied, as a fraction"},"churchRate":{"type":"number","description":"Finland: church-tax rate applied, as a fraction (0 for a non-member)"},"taxCardRate":{"type":"number","description":"Finland: the withholding percentage (veroprosentti) Vero would put on the tax card — rounded up to the next half point. 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Where the country's rule can be computed the answer is a figure; where it depends on facts the engine cannot model, the answer is the rule itself (rate, holding period, annual exemption, main residence) with the reason — never a borrowed number. Any other country returns 'not covered'. Pass income (other taxable income for the year) where the gain is taxed at marginal rates, and heldMoreThan12Months or holdingMonths where the holding period matters (the Australian 50% discount, the US long-term rate). capitalLosses apply before any discount. Finland (FI) adds its own detail: the better of the actual cost or the deemed acquisition cost (hankintameno-olettama: 20% of the price, 40% after 10 years), the 1 000 € small-disposals rule and 30%/34% capital income tax — pass yearsHeld, and otherCapitalIncome if there is any; costBase may be omitted there. Each answer cites the capital-gains source and date for that country — not the GST/VAT one. 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